Hardness Measurement of Bulk Wheat by Single-Kernel Visible and Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy.

Reflectance spectra (400 to 1700 nm) of single wheat kernels collected using the Single Kernel Characterization System (SKCS) 4170 were analyzed for wheat grain hardness using partial least squares (PLS) regression. The wavelengths (650 to 700, 1100, 1200, 1380, 1450, and 1670 nm) that contributed most to the ability of the model to predict hardness were related to protein, starch, and color differences. Slightly better prediction results were observed when the 550-1690 nm region was used compared with 950-1690 nm region across all sample sizes. For the 30-kernel mass-averaged model, the hardness prediction for 550-1690 nm spectra resulted in a coefficient of determination (R(^2)) = 0.91, standard error of cross validation (SECV) = 7.70, and relative predictive determinant (RPD) = 3.3, while the 950-1690 nm had R(^2) = 0.88, SECV = 8.67, and RPD = 2.9. Average hardness of hard and soft wheat validation samples based on mass-averaged spectra of 30 kernels was predicted and compared with the SKCS 4100 reference method (R(^2) = 0.88). Compared with the reference SKCS hardness classification, the 30-kernel (550-1690 nm) prediction model correctly differentiated (97%) between hard and soft wheat. Monte Carlo simulation technique coupled with the SKCS 4100 hardness classification logic was used for classifying mixed wheat samples. Compared with the reference, the prediction model correctly classified mixed samples with 72-100% accuracy. Results confirmed the potential of using visible and near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy of whole single kernels of wheat as a rapid and nondestructive measurement of bulk wheat grain hardness.