Novel membrane-localizing TEMPO derivatives for measurement of cellular oxidative stress at the cell membrane

Oxidative stress affecting lipid membranes is considered to be closely related to cardiovascular disease and brain ischemia. In this study, we designed and synthesized membrane-localizing TEMPO derivatives and demonstrated that one of these synthesized probes, compound 1, localized and detected oxidative stress in the cell membrane in an endotoxic model of a mouse macrophage-like cell line. Compound 1 is therefore a potentially useful probe for evaluating oxidative stress at the cell membrane.