Inconsistencies in the Classification of Preventive Interventions

Background and objective. Preventive measures are commonly classified into primary (prevention of a disease from occurring), secondary (screening of asymptomatic persons with a view of early detection and treatment of disease), and tertiary (treatment of patients with a view of palliation, cure, rehabilitation, prevention of relapse, or prevention of complications). The objective of the present survey was to assess the adherence to this classification in a sample of abstracts of scientific publications. Method. We searched the literature (key terms prevention and primary, secondary, or tertiary) and identified 317 abstracts describing various preventive interventions. We tabulated the level of prevention as defined in the abstract, by what was done, to whom, and why. Main findings. There was a considerable variability in the way the various levels of prevention were defined in the reviewed abstracts. Conclusions. The definitions of the levels of prevention are not specific enough to be appropriately used by all. We suggest, therefore, to define clinical interventions by their objective, target population, and type (“reduction of mortality of patients with symptomatic ventricular ectopy by beta-blockers”), rather than in terms of level of prevention (“tertiary prevention of ventricular ectopy”).