Enhanced soluble CD40 ligand and Alzheimerʹs disease: Evidence of a possible pathogenetic role

It has been suggested that cerebrovascular factors contribute to Alzheimerʹs disease. Soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) is directly involved in the development of vascular damage. We tested the hypothesis that sCD40L may be enhanced in Alzheimerʹs disease and predictive of its clinical course. Plasma sCD40L levels were evaluated in three groups of 40 consecutive patients each referring for mild or moderate or severe Alzheimerʹs disease, as assessed by the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR), and in 40 healthy subjects. Seventy-seven patients with mild or moderate disease were re-evaluated after 2 years. Cross-sectional comparisons revealed higher plasma sCD40L levels in Alzheimerʹs disease patients than in controls (9.3 ± 4.7 ng/mL versus 3.4 ± 1.3 ng/mL, p < 0.0001). Circulating sCD40L levels significantly increased through the three CDR stages (p = 0.0011 or less) and were correlated with MMSE (r = −0.574, p < 0.0001) and ADAS-cog subscale (r = 0.538, p < 0.0001) scores. Longitudinal evaluation identified sCD40L as an independent predictor of MMSE (β = −0.157, t = −3.650, p = 0.0005) and ADAS-cog subscale (β = 0.484, t = 3.890, p = 0.0002) score changes after 2 years. Patients with plasma sCD40L level ≥ 6.0 ng/mL, identified by ROC curve analysis as the best discriminating value for disease progression, had a three-fold increase in the risk of progression toward a worse CDR stage (odd ratio: 3.0, C.I. 95% 1.2–8.1). In conclusion, circulating sCD40L is enhanced in patients with Alzheimerʹs disease and independently associated with the severity and progression of the disease. These data might suggest a pathogenetic role for sCD40L in Alzheimerʹs disease.