Interactions by vascular plants and birds between isolated ancient oak–hazel woods and a matrix of conifer plantations Original Research Article

Ecosystem interactions were considered for the interface between ancient and rare woodland habitats in Sweden and surrounding extensive conifer plantations. Vascular plant and bird distributions were examined in the centres and edges of the woodlands, in adjoining conifer forest and in random locations within the conifer forest. Plant species abundances did not usually vary within woodlands but many woodland plants had settled in the nearby conifer forest. Birds, instead, moved from conifer forest to woodland areas, particularly into small woodland areas. Multivariate analyses confirmed the different directions of movement of the two taxa between the adjoining ecosystems. The reason appears to be opportunistic and extensive resource capture by mobile organisms and temporary use of a particular resource, viz. empty ground or substrate, by sedentary organisms. Such interplay with adjoining ecosystems emphasises the need for conservation of large woodland sites and conservation of suitable landscapes with remnant woodlands and surrounding grasslands.