Central limit theorem for the heat kernel measure on the unitary group

We prove that for a finite collection of real-valued functions f1, . . . , fn on the group of complex numbers of modulus 1 which are derivable with Lipschitz continuous derivative, the distribution of (tr f1, . . . , tr fn) under the properly scaled heat kernel measure at a given time on the unitary group U(N) has Gaussian fluctuations as N tends to infinity, with a covariance for which we give a formula and which is of order N−1. In the limit where the time tends to infinity, we prove that this covariance converges to that obtained by P. Diaconis and S.N. Evans in a previous work on uniformly distributed unitary matrices. Finally, we discuss some combinatorial aspects of our results. © 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.