Abstract :
Purpose: To determine the relationship of abdominal circumference with increased left ventricular
mass (LVM) from young adulthood into old age. Methods: Cross-sectional echocardiographic images were taken
from 182 men and 220 women in the Fels Longitudinal Study 20 to 75 years of age to determine left ventricular
mass. Left ventricular mass was divided by stature raised to the power of 2.7 (LVM/ht2.7) in order to minimize
the impact of heart size variation from body size without overcompensating for the adverse effect of obesity.
Abdominal circumference was measured and BMI calculated from stature and weight and categories of
overweight, obesity and abdominal obesity were determined using published cut points. Regression models were
used to describe the relationships of age, abdominal circumference, BMI and self-reported physical activity to
LVM/ht2.7. Results: Age, abdominal circumference and BMI were each positively and significantly related to an
increased LVM/ht2.7 in men and women (p < 0.05). In the men, multivariate models indicated that abdominal
circumference and BMI were both significantly related to an increased LVM/ht2.7, but the inclusion of BMI in
these models for the women reduced the association of abdominal circumference and physical activity below
significant levels. In the men, there was also a quadratic association of abdominal circumference with LVM/ht2.7
that was significant along with BMI and physical activity. Sex-specific logistic regressions with BMI and
abdominal circumference obesity categories did not change or improve the initial findings in men or women.
Conclusions: In women, increases in abdominal fatness as reflected in abdominal circumference at any age are
linearly related to an increase in LVM/ht2.7, but the relationship of overall fatness as reflected in BMI with
LVM/ht2.7 is stronger. In men, both abdominal fatness and overall fatness at any age are linearly related to an
increase LVM/ht2.7. However, the significant curvilinear association of abdominal circumference and a linear
association of BMI and physical activity with LVM/ht2.7 indicate the possible positive covariate relationship of
overall muscle mass with LVM/ht2.7. This reflects the physiological changes with age and demonstrate, in part,
the complexity of the interpretations of the inter associations of body composition, the cardiovascular system and
the aging process, but the impact among the elderly and the known inadequacy of BMI at these ages remains an
area for continued clinical study.
