Statistical PMD emulator using variable DGD elements

We report on a novel polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) emulator with exact Maxwellian statistics. The proposed PMD emulator was implemented by using variable differential group-delay elements and polarization controllers. Unlike the previous PMD emulators, the proposed PMD emulator could generate not only the first-order PMD with exact Maxwellian distribution, but also the second-order PMD.