Inertial effects in non-equilibrium thermodynamics

We discuss inertial effects in systems outside equilibrium within the framework of non-equilibrium thermodynamics. By introducing a Gibbs equation in which the entropy depends on the probability density, we are able to describe a system of Brownian particles immersed in a heat bath in both inertial and diffusion regimes. In the former, a relaxation equation for the diffusion current is obtained whereas in the latter we recover Fickʹs law. Our approach, which uses the elements of the theory of internal degrees of freedom, constitutes the mesoscopic version of a previous analysis which takes into account the kinetic energy of diffusion.