Negative magnetic susceptibility and nonequivalent ensembles for the mean-field φ4 spin model

We calculate the thermodynamic entropy of the mean-field φ4 spin model in the microcanonical ensemble as a function of the energy and magnetization of the model. The entropy and its derivatives are obtained from the theory of large deviations, as well as from Rughʹs microcanonical formalism, which is implemented by computing averages of suitable observables in microcanonical molecular dynamics simulations. Our main finding is that the entropy is a concave function of the energy for all values of the magnetization, but is nonconcave as a function of the magnetization for some values of the energy. This last property suggests that the magnetic susceptibility of the model can be negative when calculated microcanonically for fixed values of the energy and magnetization. This provides a magnetization analogue of negative heat capacities, which are well-known to be associated in general with the inequivalence of the microcanonical and canonical ensembles. Here, the two ensembles that are nonequivalent are the microcanonical ensemble in which the energy and magnetization are held fixed and the canonical ensemble in which the energy and magnetization are fixed only on average by fixing the temperature and magnetic field.