Analysis of Germ Cell Nuclear Factor Transcripts and Protein Expression During Spermatogenesis

Germ cell nuclear factor (GCNF), an orphan receptor in the nuclear receptor superfamily, is expressed predominantly in developing germ cells in the adult mouse. Two Gcnf transcripts (7.4 and 2.1 kilobase [kb]) encoded by a single copy gene are expressed in the testis of several mammalian species. To identify features that regulate Gcnf expression, we characterized the structure and sequence of the mouse gene and its two transcripts and determined the expression profile of the GCNF protein during spermatogenesis. Genomic fragments spanning part of the 5ʹ-untranslated region (UTR), the coding sequence, and the complete 3ʹ-UTR (~80 kb) were isolated and sequenced. The 3ʹ-UTRs of the two transcripts are quite distinct. The 7.4 kb transcript, which appears earlier in spermatogenesis, has a very long 3ʹ-UTR of 4451 nucleotides. In contrast, the 2.1 kb transcript, which is expressed predominantly during the haploid phase of spermatogenesis, has a 3ʹ-UTR that is only 202 nucleotides in length. Additional analyses indicate that both transcripts share the same coding region and are associated with polysomes. A single GCNF protein band was detected in testis extracts by Western blotting with a specific antiserum. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that GCNF is localized in the nuclei of pachytene spermatocytes and round spermatids. GCNF is first detectable in early pachytene spermatocytes (stage II) and is continuously expressed until spermatids begin to elongate in stage IX. Although GCNF is generally distributed throughout the nucleus, it is particularly prominent in heterochromatic regions at some stages and in condensed chromosomes undergoing the meiotic divisions. This expression profile suggests that GCNF plays a role in transcriptional regulation during meiosis and the early haploid phase of spermatogenesis.