On the likelihood that underwater metal ignition is a vapor phase phenomenon Original Research Article

The hypothesis that the ignition of metals (particularly aluminum) under water occurs in the vapor phase is examined theoretically. An available two-phase stagnation flow film-boiling model is used to calculate the oxidizer (steam) flux towards the vaporizing metal surface. Combining this model with the fact that there is an upper limit to the magnitude of the metal vaporization rate at which the reaction regime must change from vapor to surface oxidation, as first observed by Turkdogan, Grieveson and Darken, leads to prediction of critical metal temperature below which vapor phase oxidation is impossible. The predicted critical temperatures are compared with observed ignitions of metal spheres in free-fall in water during violent metal/water interactions (steam explosions). It appears from the theory that observed underwater metal ignitions did not occur in the vapor phase.