The finite deformation theory for beam, plate and shell. Part V. The shell element with drilling degree of freedom based on Biot strain Original Research Article

Due to the facts that the spatial moment force is non-conservative and the three components of the finite rotation pseudo vector are not independent, the ordinary variational principle, based on a functional achieving its stationary value, is not suitable for the problem subject to non-conservative loading. The finite element method proposed in this paper is based on the virtual work principle, rigid normal assumption, polar decomposition and total Lagrangian formulation.