Nutritional status of Japanese-Brazilian subjects: comparison across gender and generation

The present paper describes a nutritional survey carried out among Japanese-Brazilian subjects living in Bauru, south-eastern Brazil. Data were from a cross-sectional population-based study of 1283 first-generation Japanese-Brazilian subjects (Japan-born; 127 men and 121 women) and second-generation Japanese-Brazilian subjects (Brazil-born; 456 men and 573 women) aged 30-90 years. Anthropometric measurements and % body fat were measured and BMI and waist:hip ratio calculated. Dietary assessment was performed using a validated food-frequency questionnaire. A considerable proportion of men (51 %) and women (47 %) had excess weight (BMI>24·9 kg/m^2). A greater waist circumference in men and women (age-adjusted by covariance analysis) was observed among Brazil-born participants. In general, only 10 % of the participants reported current practice of sports or other vigorous physical activity. Age-adjusted mean energy intakes and % energy from macronutrients were found to be similar across generations. The ageadjusted mean daily % energy intake from fat were similar across generations: among Japan-born participants, they were 31·5 (95 % CI 30·6, 32·4) % for men and 32·6 (95 % CI 31·7, 33·5) % for women. The respective figures for Brazil-born subjects were 32·1 (95 % CI 31·6, 32·6) % and 33·2 (95 % CI 32·7, 33·5) %. These values are quite different from the usual intakes reported in Japan during the last decades (about 25 %). Taking into account the traditional Japanese diet, a high energy density diet and a sedentary lifestyle may be implicated in the high prevalence of central obesity and metabolic syndrome observed among Japanese-Brazilian subjects across gender and generations.