Experimental observation and characterization of chaotic properties in a driven infrared diode circuit

Described are experimental observations in a circuit composed of a resistor, infrared diode, and inductor. The circuit is driven using MHz sine waves formed by a signal generator. Chaotic behavior via the period doubling route is observed, leading to toroidal chaos as the bandwidth increases. A time series analysis on the data reveals the formation and transformation of tori that switch from wrinkled to fractal states and back again, including fractal three tori. These tori are hyperspheres embedded in high dimensional space. When the peak to peak voltage is fixed at a relatively high value, the dynamics is dependent upon both the driving frequency and the sampling rate.