Error estimation in smoothed particle hydrodynamics and a new scheme for second derivatives

Several schemes for discretization of first and second derivatives are available in Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH). Here, four schemes for approximation of the first derivative and three schemes for the second derivative are examined using a theoretical analysis based on Taylor series expansion both for regular and irregular particle distributions. Estimation of terms in the truncation errors shows that only the renormalized (the firstorder consistent) scheme has acceptable convergence properties to approximate the first derivative. None of the second derivative schemes has the first-order consistency. Therefore, they converge only when the particle spacing decreases much faster than the smoothing length of the kernel function. In addition, using a modified renormalization tensor, a new SPH scheme is presented for approximating second derivatives that has the property of first-order consistency. To assess the computational performance of the proposed scheme, it is compared with the best available schemes when applied to a 2D heat equation. The numerical results show at least one order of magnitude improvement in accuracy when the new scheme is used. In addition, the new scheme has higher-order convergence rate on regular particle arrangements even for the case of only four particles in the neighborhood of each particle.