Growth and photosynthetic responses to copper stress of an invasive cordgrass, Spartina densiflora

Spartina densiflora Brongn. is found in coastal marshes of south-west Spain, growing in sediments with between 300 and 3000 mg Cu kg−1 total soil DW (450–4500 mg Cu kg−1 supposing that the soil porosity is 0.5). An experiment was designed to investigate the effect of copper from 0 to 5000 mg kg−1 (64 mmol l−1) on the photosynthetic apparatus and the growth of S. densiflora. We also determined total ash, copper, calcium, magnesium and phosphorous concentrations, as well as C/N ratio. S. densiflora survived to concentrations as high as 320 mg Cu kg−1 DW in leaves, although excess of Cu diminished water use efficiency and Ca-, Mg- and P-uptake. Also, quantum efficiency of PSII, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and pigment concentrations declined with increasing external Cu. Finally, the decline in the photosynthetic function resulted in a biomass reduction of between 50 and 80% (for 600 and 5000 mg Cu kg−1, respectively).