Non-differentiable variational principles

We develop a calculus of variations for functionals which are defined on a set of non-differentiable curves. We first extend the classical differential calculus in a quantum calculus, which allows us to define a complex operator, called the scale derivative, which is the non-differentiable analogue of the classical derivative. We then define the notion of extremals for our functionals and obtain a characterization in term of a generalized Euler–Lagrange equation.We finally prove that solutions of the Schrödinger equation can be obtained as extremals of a non-differentiable variational principle, leading to an extended Hamilton’s principle of least action for quantum mechanics.We compare this approach with the scale relativity theory of Nottale, which assumes a fractal structure of space–time.  2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved