Eating less than required versus eating less than desired. The criterion problem in the validity studies of Williamson et al. (2007)

Williamson et al. [(2007). Measurement of dietary restraint scales: validity tests of four questionnaires. Appetite, 48, 183–192] used (change) in energy balance as the criterion measure for their validity study on measures for dietary restraint. However, eating less than required for energy balance may not be the proper criterion for dietary restraint, because the concept of restrained eating has been specified to refer to eating less than desired.