Comparative analysis of environmental and socio-economic impacts in sea for transport related policies, plans, and programs

This study reviews the consideration given to environmental and socio-economic impacts and the extent to which these are integrated in strategic environmental assessments (SEAs) and the associated planning documentation for transport infrastructure-related policies, plans, and programs (PPPs). Thirty-six PPPs were examined, representing all administrative levels of decision-making in three regions: North West England (United Kingdom), Noord-Holland (The Netherlands), and EVR Brandenburg-Berlin (Germany). Four main SEA typologies are distinguished and the coverage of environmental and socio-economic impacts, and their integrated consideration, are analysed in relation to these and other possible influences. A number of differences are found in the treatment of these impacts according to SEA type and country of origin. Recommendations are made for follow-up studies to strengthen future guidance and practice.