Computational studies on carbohydrates: solvation studies on maltose and cyclomaltooligosaccharides (cyclodextrins) using a DFT/ab initio-derived empirical force field, AMB99C Original Research Article

An empirical force field, denoted AMB99C, has been used to study molecular properties of α-(1→4)-linked carbohydrates in solution. AMB99C was parameterized using structural and energetic parameters from density functional ab initio methodology. In this work we examine the solution behavior of the β anomer of maltose and cyclohexa-, cyclohepta-, and cyclooctaamyloses (α-, β-, and γ-cyclodextrins or α-, β-, and γ-CDs, respectively), as well as of two larger (DP 10, ε-CD; DP 21) cyclomaltooligosaccharides, CA10 and CA21. Experimental data used for comparison purposes include X-ray structures, small-angle scattering radius of gyration values, NMR nuclear Overhauser enhancements (NOEs), and proton coupling constants. Molecular dynamics simulations were carried out using explicit water molecules (TIP3P) to establish equilibrium populations of conformations in solution, and these results are compared with other calculated values and a variety of experimental parameters, such as average H-1H-4′ distances between the rings in β-maltose, and the primary hydroxyl groups’ conformational populations. Medium-to-large cyclomaltooligosaccharide molecules were studied to test for glucose ring puckering and stability of kinked and ‘flipped’ conformations. The results of the solvation studies are in excellent agreement with experimental structural parameters.