Temporal and spatial variation of phosphate distribution in the sediment of a free water surface constructed wetland

This study was aimed at determining the spatial and temporal variation of P distribution in sediment of an artificial wetland for sewage and industrial wastewater treatment, and the fraction that is potentially involved in the P exchange processes. Influent, effluent, macrophytes and sediment at the inlet, middle and outlet areas were sampled over 24 months. The P-fractionation in sediment was performed following the EDTA method. Eichhornia crassipes and Typha domingensis removed P efficiently when cover was high, but E. crassipes caused anoxic conditions. The increase in cover of T. domingensis may contribute to attain oxic conditions and to improve P removal. When macrophytes are not present or when cover is low, sediment seems to increase removal efficiency. A significant increase in the concentration of the fraction of Fe(OOH)≈P and mainly that of CaCO3≈P can be observed at the inlet. High pH, Ca2+ and CO3 − 2 concentrations in the influent suggest that P co-precipitates together with CaCO3. Therefore, it seems that CaCO3≈P represents the main precipitating mechanism. However, mineralization of organic matter maintained the sediment at a pH range lower than the high values prevailing in the influent. CO3 −2 could undergo partial dissolution and the released i-Pdiss could be readsorbed onto the Fe(OOH)≈P fraction. Since the environment for P retention (high pH, Fe, Ca and ionic concentrations) is largely provided by the influent, the wetland may be expected to continue retaining P as far as the composition of the influent is maintained and there are available adsorption sites in the sediment.