Effects of exposure of ewes to sewage sludge-treated pasture on phthalate and alkyl phenol concentrations in their milk

Concentrations of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) of two classes, the alkyl phenols (nonyl phenol (NP) and octyl phenol (OP)) and phthalates, in the milk of ewes grazed on pastures fertilised with sewage sludge or with inorganic fertiliser were determined at three stages of lactation. Milk concentrations of these compounds varied greatly between individuals and stages of lactation for both nonyl phenol (NP; b 30–N 1000 μg/kg DM) and total phthalates (b 200–N 20,000 μg/kg DM). Overall, there was no significant effect of sludge treatment on milk concentrations of chemicals of either class. Significant differences between years were recorded in mean log concentrations of both NP (P b 0.001) and total phthalate (P b 0.001) but there were no consistent changes with stage of lactation, ewe body condition or age in mean milk concentrations of either class of compound. Milk concentrations of NP were low, and little higher than environmental concentrations, while phthalate concentrations were approximately two-fold higher than environmental concentrations. Estimated daily intakes of phthalates were considered to be of potential, biological significance with respect to the health of animal and human consumers. It is concluded that the importance of milk as a route of EDC exposure in growing ruminants differs with class of compound and individual animal. Exposure of the offspring to these EDCs may be transiently exacerbated by exposure of their dams to additional EDCs via the application of sewage sludge to their pasture.