Measurement of in situ phytoextraction of zinc by spontaneous metallophytes growing on a former smelter site

This work was undertaken to measure the in situ phytoextraction of zinc using a former zinc-smelter site where metallophyte plants have been growing for 30 years. The site exhibited a gradient in the total metal concentration in the upper horizon Žfrom 3230 to 8530 mg Zn kg 1.. Soils were sampled from four different sectors ŽI IV., and plant shoots were harvested, identified, their biomass weighed and analysed for zinc. The results showed that three plant species were dominant on the site, including Arabidopsis halleri Žcress., Armeria maritima Žseathrift., and Arrhenatherum elatius Žfromental.. A. maritima was the predominant species according to the biomass production on the most polluted sector I. As the concentration of metals in soils decreased, A. maritima disappeared and A. halleri increased. The biomass of A. elatius was the highest on the less polluted soils. Concentrations in zinc in the aerial parts of plants varied from 73 Žsector IV. to 6269 mg kg 1 DM Žsector I.. The concentration of Zn in A. halleri decreased with the decrease in concentration of zinc in soil. Phytoextraction was calculated from the biomass and its concentration of metal. It was at a maximum in sector III with a high contribution of A. halleri and A. elatius and reached 10 kg Zn ha 1, a promising amount for phytoextraction considering the absence of any agricultural practices. In sector I, phytoextraction was four times lower despite a 2.6 times higher concentration of Zn in the upper horizon. In conclusion, phytoextraction was strongly dependent on the concentration of the available metal in soils which may limit the growth of plants, and favour tolerant but low biomass plant species such as A. maritima.