التحول الديمقراطي والهندسة الانتخابية في المجتمعات متعدد ثنائيات

Over the decades, many researchers in political science have studied the problematic of drawing institutions for multi-ethnic societies by focusing on many variables, most notably electoral systems. Containing the existing and growing schisms and conflicts in those societies, and it was not until 1994 that the United Nations expanded its definition of peacebuilding to include electoral engineering, as elections became part of the international strategy that strongly links peace with democratic development, and since that time democratization projects seemed to be major manifestations of any The peace-building process, and despite its occurrence in parallel with the interference of external forces in the formulation of laws and the building of institutions, the problematic of the democratic legitimacy of constitutional engineering (institutional or electoral) has been ignored among the concerns of those responsible for this work, and the solution proposed by the Italian political scientist Giovanni Sartori was not related to focusing on the concept of The neutrality of constitutions is attractive given that in the Giovanni Sartori democratic transition of societies there is Multiethnicity The goal may be to divide systems directed to produce specific outputs, and in this context, ethnic identities can be understood as social structures with deep psychological and cultural roots based on national, cultural-linguistic and religious backgrounds and give another meaning to belonging, and are also defined socially in relation to their meaning of actors represented in the ties of blood, land and faith. an‎d the group.