بررسي و نقد ديدگاه‌ها و نظريه شهرهاي جهاني (نقدي بر گفتمان جهان شبكه‌اي و افول حكومت سرزميني)

A Survey and Critique of Viewpoints and Theories on Global Cities (A Critique on Discourse of Global Network and Reducing Territorial State)

جهاني‌شدن يكي از مهم‌ترين گفتمان‌هاي علوم اجتماعي در دو دهه اخير است كه مبتني بر ديدگاه‌هاي اقتصاد بازار آزاد و توسعه فزاينده فناوري اطلاعات و ارتباطات شكل‌گرفته است. يكي از مهم‌ترين ابعاد و مؤلفه‌هاي جهاني‌شدن، شهرهاي جهاني است. اين پديده تاكنون موضوع موردمطالعه پژوهش‌هاي مختلفي در مطالعات شهري قرارگرفته است. صاحب‌نظران حوزه شهرهاي جهاني بر اساس افول حكومت ملي، غير سرزمين شدن و فرايندهاي فراملي مبتني بر شركت‌هاي خدماتي توليدي چندمليتي و نظام شبكه‌اي به تعريف، مفهوم‌سازي و رتبه‌بندي شهرهاي جهاني پرداخته‌اند. اين پژوهش با رويكردي تحليلي ـ استنادي و انتقادي، مفهوم و نظريه شهرهاي جهاني را بررسي كرده است. داده و اطلاعات موردنياز تحقيق به روش كتابخانه‌اي و اسنادي گردآوري‌شده است. نتايج تحقيق نشان مي‌دهد نظريه شهرهاي جهاني به لحاظ روش‌شناسي، متغيرهاي موردمطالعه براي رتبه‌بندي شهرهاي جهاني و به لحاظ تبيين واقعيت‌هاي جهاني، كاستي‌ها و نارسائي‌هاي زيادي دارد.

Globalization is one of the most important discourses of social science in the two recent decades that was created through open market expansion and development of information and communication technology. One of the main elements of globalization is world cities or global cities. Social scientists, especially political and urban geographers, have studied world cities or global cities and published a lot of articles and books. Researchers conceptualized the world cities on the basis of de-territorialization and decrease of national power and sorted them on the basis of the headquarters of the multinational service firms in the cities. But, are there any world cities or global cities independent from the territorial state? Does the world cities theory accord with world realities? This research criticizes the world city concept and theory. The research data were gathered by documentary method from the articles and the books about globalization and world cities. A lot of them were gained from Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) Research Network. They were analyzed by evidence-rationalistic methodology. The research results show that the world cities theory is unexpressive in terms of methodology, studying variables for resorting of world cities and explaining world realities. In fact, the world cities are a product of the nation-state. In the other word, world cities are created by historical factors, national power, national economic and political ideology. Also, in terms of methodology, the world cities can not only be created on basic services of multinational firms.