An electrochemical sensor based on reduced graphene oxide - hollow platinum nanoparticles modified pencil graphite electrode for ceftazidime determination

In this paper, a pencil graphite electrode (PGE) was modified using electrochemical reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and then hollow platinum nanoparticles (HPtNPs) were generated onto rGO/PGE by electrodeposition of cobalt and after that galvanic displacement reaction of cobalt nanoparticles with Pt (IV) ions (1). Differential pulse voltammetry was used for determination of ceftazidime (CFZ). Ceftazidime (CFZ) is a third-generation cephalosporins with wide spectrum activity against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. CFZ is an active agent against pseudomonas aeruginosa, and widely used in the treatment of susceptible infections including respiratory-tract infections such as meningitis, other brain, spinal cord infections, abdominal (stomach area), skin, blood, bone, joint and urinary tract infections. The design experiment as a central composite design (CCD) methodology was developed as experimental strategy for optimization of the influence of variables on the performance of modified electrode. (2) The surface morphology and elemental characterization of the bare PGE, rGO/PGE, CoNPs/rGO/PGE and HPtNPs/rGO/PGE modified electrodes were analyzed performed using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). CFZ was determined in the linear dynamic range of 5.0×10-4 to 1.0 nM using differential pulse voltammetry under optimized conditions.