Numerical analysis of elastic surface settlement due to seepage force

In order to study elastic surface settlement owing to steady-state seepage condition, a tunnel subjected to water-flow was considered. The relationship between surface settlement in a block of soil due to seepage force and other parameters such as soil elasticity, permeability and tunnel diameter was explored. It was shown that elastic settlement due to seepage force can be remarkable to make damage on the building above the soil and soil permeability has major effect on differential settlement