پديدآورندگان :
Sattari Dabbagh Masoumeh Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran , Farajzadeh Mir Ali mafarajzadeh@yahoo.com Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran; , Yadeghari Adeleh Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
كليدواژه :
Air–assisted liquid–liquid microextraction , Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction , Fruit and vegetable samples , Gas chromatography , Multi–class pesticides
چكيده فارسي :
Along with a dramatic increase in population, the rise in food products is necessary. Around 20 to 30% of whole agriculture products are lost by pests every year. To overcome this problem, pesticides are used for plagues extermination [1]. Due to pesticides mobility, capability of bioaccumulation and their ability to take part in various physical, chemical and biological processes, they remain in surface, ground waters, and agricultural products [2]. According to some studies, they have unfavorable effects on human health, like an increase in endocrine, developmental, immune, and neuropsychological disorders, great probable of neurodegenerative diseases, especially Parkinson s and Alzheimer diseases, as well as different kinds of cancer [3]. So, presence of pesticides in food chain is an absolute risk for general health and development of efficient methods for determination of them is necessary. Ideal sample preparation methods should be fast, accurate, precise, economic, easy to use, environmentally friendly, compatible with a wide range of analytical instruments, and easy to automate [4, 5]. In this study, two convenient sample preparation methods, air–assisted liquid–liquid microextraction (AALLME) and dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) are developed for the simultaneous determination of multi–class pesticide residues in vegetable and fruit juice samples with gas chromatography–flame ionization detection. The advantages of each method were investigated. In AALLME, fine droplets of an extraction solvent are immediately formed with suction and injection of the mixture of an aqueous sample solution and the extraction solvent into a test tube for several times, while in DLLME, the cloudy solution is formed with the aid of a disperser solvent. The effect of main factors such as type and volume of extraction solvent, salt addition, pH, etc., is studied. Under the optimum conditions, enrichment factors and extraction recoveries are obtained in the ranges of 262–515, 45–438, and 52–103%, 9.2–88% in AALLME and DLLME methods, respectively. Both methods are inexpensive, simple, fast, efficient, reliable, and sensitive, and therefore they are suitable for determination of trace levels of multi–class pesticide residues in fruit juice and vegetable samples.
