ارزيابي اثرات ضدقارچي برخي اسانس هاي گياهي عليه قارچ Alternaria alternata عامل سوختگي برگ و خوشه ي برنج

Evaluation of antifungal effect of some essential oils against Alternaria alternata causing Rice leaf and head blight disease

ﺑﯿﻤﺎري ﺳﻮﺧﺘﮕﯽ ﺑﺮگ و ﺧﻮﺷﻪ ي ﺑﺮﻧﺞ ﻧﺎﺷﯽ از Alternaria alternata از ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺑﯿﻤﺎري ﻫﺎي ﻗﺎرﭼﯽ ﺑﺮﻧﺞ ﺑﺎ ﮔﺴﺘﺮش ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﮐﺸﺖ ﺑﺮﻧﺞ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷ.ﺪ روش ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ و ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮑﯽ ﺑﺮاي ﮐﻨﺘﺮل ﺑﯿﻤﺎري وﺟﻮد دارد ﮐﻪ در اﯾﻦ ﻣﯿﺎن، ﻣﺼﺮف ﻗﺎرچ ﮐﺶ ﻫﺎي ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ راﯾﺞ ﺗﺮ از ﺳﺎﯾﺮ روش ﻫﺎ اﺳﺖ. در ﺳﺎل ﻫﺎي اﺧﯿﺮ ﺑﻪ دﻟﯿﻞ ﺑﺮوز ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﻣﺸﮑﻼت ﻧﺎﺷﯽ از ﻣﺼﺮف ﺑﯽ روﯾﻪ ﻗﺎرچ ﮐﺶ ﻫﺎي ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﮔﺮاﯾﺶ زﯾﺎدي ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﻫﺎي ﺛﺎﻧﻮﯾﻪ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان روش ﺑﯿﻮﻟﻮژﯾﮏ ﺟﻬﺖ ﮐﻨﺘﺮل ﺑﯿﻤﺎري ﻫﺎي ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ اﯾﺠﺎد ﺷﺪه اﺳ. ﺖ در اﯾﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ اﺳﺎﻧﺲ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ﭼﺮﯾﺶ )Azadirachta indica(، ﺧﺸﺨﺎش اﯾﺮاﻧﯽ )Papaver bracteatum،( ﻣﺮزﻧﺠﻮش )Origanum vulgare،( ﮔﺸﻨﯿﺰ )Coriandrum sativum،( ﭼﺎي ﮐﻮﻫﯽ )St a،chys lavandulifolia( زﯾﺮه ﺳﯿﺎه )Bunium persicum، ( ﺧﺮﻓﻪ )Port،ulaca oleraca ( ﻧﻌﻨﺎع ﻓﻠﻔﻠﯽ )Mentha piperita(، روﻧﺎس )Rubia tinctorum( و ﺑﻪ ﻟﯿﻤﻮ )Lippia citriodora( روي ﻗﺎرچ Alternaria alternata در ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ آزﻣﺎﯾﺸﮕﺎﻫﯽ در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻃﺮح ﮐﺎﻣﻼً ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﯽ و ﺑﻪ روش اﺧﺘﻼط ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﮐﺸﺖ PDA ﺑﺎ ﭼﻬﺎر ﺗﮑﺮار ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓ.ﺖ ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از اﯾﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ اﺳﺎﻧﺲ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ﺧﺸﺨﺎش اﯾﺮاﻧﯽ، ﻣﺮزﻧﺠﻮش، ﮔﺸﻨ،ﯿﺰ ﭼﺎي ﮐﻮﻫﯽ، ﺧﺮﻓﻪ و روﻧﺎس ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﻫﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اﺛﺮ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺑﺮ رﺷﺪ ﻗﺎرچ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ. اﺳﺎﻧﺲ ﮔﯿﺎه ﭼﺮﯾﺶ داراي اﺛﺮ ﺟﺰﺋﯽ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪﮔﯽ )ﻗﺎرچ اﯾﺴﺘﺎﯾﯽ( و اﺳﺎﻧﺲ ﮔﯿﺎه ﻧﻌﻨﺎع ﻓﻠﻔﻠﯽ داراي اﺛﺮ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ )ﻗﺎرچ ﮐﺸﯽ( ﺑﺮ رﺷﺪ ﻗﺎرچ A. alternata ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ اﺳﭙﻮرزاﯾﯽ و ﺟﻮاﻧﻪ زﻧﯽ اﺳﭙﻮرﻫﺎي A. alternata ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ اﺳﺎﻧﺲ ﻧﻌﻨﺎع ﻓﻠﻔﻠﯽ ﻣﻬﺎر ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﮐﻠﯽ ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد اﺳﺎﻧﺲ ﻫﺎي ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ ﺣﺎوي ﻣﻮاد ﺑﯿﻮﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﻓﻌﺎل، ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺰﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮاي ﻗﺎرچ ﮐﺶ ﻫﺎي ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ اﻣﺮي ﻣﻨﻄﻘﯽ و ﻣﻘﺮون ﺑﻪ ﺻﺮﻓﻪ اﺳﺖ.

Rice leaf and head blight disease that caused by Alternaria alternata is the most important fungal diseases of rice with the world spread in different areas of rice cultivation. In addition, there are various chemical and physical methods for controlling post-harvest diseases. However, the use of chemical fungicides is more common than another ways. In recent years, due to the emergence of some problems that caused by the uncontrolled consumption of chemical fungicides, great tendency to use of secondary metabolites as a biological method for controlling plant diseases was developed. In this study, effect of essential oil of Neem (Azadirachta indica), Persian poppy (Papaver bracteatum), Marjoram (Origanum vulgare), Coriander (Coriandrum sativum), Mountain tea (Stachys lavandulifolia), Black cumin (Bunium persicum), Common purslane (Portulaca oleraca), Peppermint (Mentha piperita), Common madder (Rubia tinctorum) and Lemon (Lippia citriodora) were evaluated against Alternaria alternata by means of combination with the PDA medium in vitro condition with four replicates. Results from this study showed that the essential oil of plants Persian poppy, Marjoram, Coriander, Mountain tea, Black cumin, Common purslane, Common madder and Lemon have lack any inhibition effect on the growth of fungal. Essential oil of Neem caused the partial inhibition effect (fungi static) and essential oil of Peppermint has completely inhibitory effect (fungicidal) on growth on growth of A. alternata. The results also showed that sporulation and spores germination of A. alternata were completely inhibited by Peppermint oil. In general, the application of essential oils that containing the active biochemical substances in rational and economical as an appropriate replacement for chemical fungicide.