Novel higher-order active filter design using current conveyors

A novel method of designing higher-order filters using current conveyors (CCs) is presented in which a new type of impedance scaling of LC ladder prototypes facilitates direct incorporation of a class of nonideal simulated inductors and FDNRs in active filter design. The resulting structures are minimum-sensitive and require a very small number of CCs (typically, equal to the number of reactive elements in the passive prototype). Experimental results have confirmed the practical validity of the ideas.