The horizontal-wire antenna over a dissipative half-space: Generalized formula and measurements

It is shown and verified by experiment that a horizontal resonant or traveling wave antenna placed in air close to a dense halfspace with the properties of lake or sea water or earth behaves like a terminated lossy transmission line. The terminal impedance is related to the radiation of the antenna into the air and the complex wavenumber and characteristic impedance are those of an infinitely long line. The complex wavenumber takes account of both dissipation in and radiation into the dense half-space.