New improved bipolar and bilateral voltage to current converters

Some improved bipolar, bilateral voltage-source-to-current-signal converter schemes, using operational amplifiers (OA) as active devices, are described. Some of them are derived from an earlier scheme that uses the OAs in summing mode, and the others are derived from the conventional technique of using the OAs in current output configurations. Except for one scheme that uses a single OA for the realization, the others have ideal voltage-to-current transfer ratio and characteristics. The realization constraints in each case have considerable degrees of flexibility, and there is no effect of load variation as long as the OAs used in the schemes are not saturated due to increased input conditions. The admittance matrices, constraints of realizations, and sensitivity to passive parameters for the different schemes are tabulated for ready reference. It is shown that the schemes can be used as V-I and I-V converters with scaling facility of the conversion factors