Antennas in material media near boundaries with application to communication and geophysical exploration, Part I: The bare metal dipole

The properties of the bare metal dipole embedded in a dissipative medium near a boundary are examined. These include the distribution of current, the driving-point admittance and impedance, and the effective length, with particular reference to antennas in the earth near the air surface at frequencies in the range from 30 to 300 kHz and antennas on the sea floor at frequencies in the range from 0.3 to 3 Hz. The effects of the internal impedance of the copper conductor are included at the low frequencies where they are important.