Xerographic development processes: A review

A variety of processes has been used to develop latent xerographic images. In most cases development results from the interaction between the electric field of the latent image and charged, pigmented toner particles. An understanding of the physics of these processes requires consideration of electrostatic, triboelectric, mechanical, and aero or fluid dynamic effects. Compared with photography, xerography is a high contrast system. This is ideal for document copying, which has been the main application of xerography. This review includes discussions of published results on the physics and performance of a number of development processes. The processes selected for discussion are those that are of commercial importance or illustrate the range of phenomena that can be used for development.