Formal verification of sequential hardware: a tutorial

Various formal verification techniques and how they can be applied to sequential hardware, especially at the register-transfer level, are examined. The basic elements of a verification system, as illustrated on the relatively simple problem of verifying combinational circuits, are presented. The more complex problems involved in analyzing sequential systems and the techniques that have been developed to solve them are then considered. Throughout, the focus is on those techniques whose utility has been demonstrated on real systems, including higher order logic, temporal logic, predicate transformers, state-machine models, and model checkers