A Model for Human Controller Remnant

A model for human controller remnant is postulated in which remnant is considered to arise from an equivalent observation noise vector whose components are linearly independent white noise processes. Extensive analysis of data obtained from simple manual control systems verifies that this model structure holds over a wide range of input amplitudes and bandwidths, vehicle dynamics, and display locations. When the display is viewed foveally, the component noise processes are proportional to the variances of the displayed quantities. This constant of proportionality is independent of input parameters and of vehicle dynamics.