Adaptive prediction for speech encoding

An overview of adaptive prediction in differential pulse code modulation (DPCM) systems used for speech encoding at 16 to 32 kilobits/sec.(kbps) is presented. Features of the paper include a discussion of both infinite impulse response and finite impulse response predictors and a development of the various predictor implementation structures, such as the direct or transversal form, the lattice form, and the cascade of second order sections form. Differences between forward and backward adaptation are described, and comparative performances results of several backward adaptive algorithms and predictor structures are discussed.