Analog CMOS building blocks for custom and semicustom applications

Standard analog building blocks developed for use in custom and semicustom LSI and VLSI designs are described. The analog blocks are built using a digital CMOS process modified to include high-value resistors and voltage independent capacitors. Designs for operational amplifiers, programmable voltage sources, comparators, bandgap voltage references, unit resistors, capacitors, and n-p-n devices are discussed. Performance characteristics including unity-gain bandwidth, output drive, output impedance, and common mode range are reviewed. MOS noise data, subthreshold operation, and device matching are analyzed. Layout guidelines are proposed as well as applications and limitations of the analog building blocks.