Performance advantage of complex LMS for controlling narrow-band adaptive arrays

In narrow-band adaptive-array applications, the mean-square convergence of the discrete-time real least mean-square (LMS) algorithm is slowed by image-frequency noises generated in the LMS loops. The complex LMS algorithm proposed by Widrow et al. is shown to eliminate these noises, yielding convergence of the mean-squared error (MSE) at slightly over twice the rate. This paper includes a comprehensive analysis of the MSE of adaptation for LMS. The analysis is based upon the method developed in the 1968 dissertation by K. D. Senne, and it represents the most complete treatment of the subject published to date.