Title :
Hybrid modes in proton exchanged waveguides realized in LiNbO3 , and their dependence on fabrication parameters
Author :
Chen, S. ; Baldi, P. ; De Micheli, M.P. ; Ostrowsky, D.B. ; Leycuras, A. ; Tartarini, G. ; Bassi, P.
Author_Institution :
Lab. de Phys. de la Matiere Condensee, Univ. de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Valbonne, France
fDate :
5/1/1994 12:00:00 AM
Abstract :
In this paper, we present a relation between material structure, hybrid modes, and propagation losses in proton exchanged (PE) LiNbO3 waveguides. Rutherford backscattering (RBS) and X-ray diffraction studies are used to show that there are two essential reasons for losses and complex behavior in high δne PE waveguides. RBS studies show that using benzoic acid melt temperatures below 300°C leads to distorted waveguide layers and propagation losses higher than several dB/cm. At high temperature, the X-ray studies prove that the crystalline order is preserved, but induced strain leads to biaxial exchanged layers, which results in hybrid modes that can have very high losses. Finally, fabrication parameters allowing the realization of high quality, high δne, PE waveguides in LiNbO3 are identified
Keywords :
X-ray diffraction examination of materials; integrated optics; ion exchange; lithium compounds; optical losses; optical waveguides; optical workshop techniques; 300 C; LiNbO3; RBS studies; Rutherford backscattering; X-ray diffraction studies; benzoic acid melt; biaxial exchanged layers; complex behavior; crystalline order; distorted waveguide layers; fabrication parameters; high δne; high δne PE waveguides; high losses; high quality; high temperature; hybrid modes; induced strain; losses; material structure; propagation losses; proton exchanged waveguides; Backscatter; Capacitive sensors; Crystallization; Fabrics; Optical device fabrication; Optical scattering; Optical waveguides; Propagation losses; Protons; Waveguide components;
Journal_Title :
Lightwave Technology, Journal of
