A Novel Geometrical Technique for Determining Optimal Array Antenna Lattice Configuration

We present a new 2D geometrical technique for determining optimal element arrangement for planar, phased array antennas with specified scan limits. This geometrical technique is not limited to conical or pyramidal scanning, but can be extended to any scan type that can be represented with an analytical equation. In addition, simple equations are given for two very important scanning types, conical and pyramidal. These equations provide deeper understanding and simpler graphical solutions than other pure graphical techniques. This paper discusses optimal array arrangement from the viewpoint of general lattice, which itself includes a hexagonal lattice as its subset. An important practical system, where this technique was found to be useful, is the N-face phased array antenna providing scanning throughout a hemisphere. Simple equations are given for determining the maximum off-axis scan and tilt angles of each face with respect to the zenith. Finally, the lattice arrangement of each face is decided by the new design technique.