Two-dimensional monolithic lead chalcogenide infrared sensor arrays on silicon read-out chips and noise mechanisms

A two-dimensional narrow-gap infrared (IR) focal plane array on an Si substrate where the Si substrate contains the active addressing electronics is described. The array consists of 96 × 128 pixels with 75-μm pitch and is fabricated in a lead-chalcogenide layer grown epitaxially on the Si read-out chip. The cut-off wavelength is 5.5 μm. Each pixel contains a bare Si area, onto which epitaxial growth occurs, and an access transistor. The Si-chips are fabricated in CMOS technology with standard Al-metallization, and the lead chalcogenide layer (PbTe) is grown by molecular beam epitaxy onto the completely processed and tested chips. The photovoltaic IR sensors exhibit mean differential resistances at zero bias Ro of 4 MΩ at 95 K, and yield is up to 98%. The sensitivities described by Ro are limited by the density of threading dislocations crossing the active areas of the devices, as each such dislocation causes a shunt resistance on the order of magnitude of 1 GΩ.