Optimum design of active filters using the generalized immittance converter

Design equations are derived for the generalized immittance converter (GIC) when embedded in an arbitrary network. The derivation is based on minimizing the dependence of the GIC transfer function on the op amps´ characteristics. Equations for the optimum design of the GIC when simulating inductance and frequency-dependent negative-resistance (FDNR) elements follow as special cases. The optimized GIC´s are applied in the design of bandpass filters using Gorski-Popiel´s ladder embedding technique. The design procedure is presented in detail and its application is illustrated through the design of a telephone-channel bandpass filter of the twelfth order.