Velocity-Modulated Tubes

This paper presents a simplified method of analyzing the operation of vacuum tubes at ultra-high frequencies. In this analysis the effects of electron velocity, conduction current, and induced current are separated. The theory leads to the development of a variety of new tubes. It is believed that these new tubes will be useful as oscillators, detectors, converters, and amplifiers in the 5-centimeter to 5-meter field. They have been used in receivers as oscillators and as super-heterodyne converters at 25 and 37 centimeters; and as oscillating detectors at 5 centiimeters. Power oscillators have been built which furnish 10 watts at 80 centimeters. Radio-frequency power amplifiers have been tested at 75 centimeters, with power outputs of 50 watts and plate efficiencies of 20 to 30 per cent.