Electrical Energy Losses in Power Systems

Today´s power system engineer is perplexed by the pressure to ``do something´´ about wasted energy. His need is to know where losses exist in system components, how he can measure them, what are the theoretical savings, and what he can do about them. An introduction to this mushrooming subject is given, typical loss data on electrical equipment are provided, and measurement problems are discussed. System design criteria for reducing losses are examined. A check list for decreasing losses, comments on operating losses, and discussion on future savings and trends are included.