Domain wall evolution laws of piezoceramic materials under mechanical loading

The purpose of this study is to model the nonlinear hysteretic behavior of piezoceramic materials under mechanical loading to determine associated domain wall evolution laws. The model is constructed by bridging the characteristics of microscopic domain distribution into the macroscopic behavior. Evolutions of the remanent strain and remanent polarization are described by a domain distribution evolution. These variables are used to develop a phenomenological model that is able to reproduce the longitudinal strain and electric displacement in function of uniaxial mechanical loading. Evolutions of domain walls induced by polarization and ferroelastic strain are characterized and discussed for two piezoceramic materials.