Full frequency-dependent line model for electromagnetic transient simulation including lumped and distributed sources

This paper describes a new full frequency-dependent line model based on finite differences and the method of characteristics from the theory of partial differential equations. This model is well suited for handling distributed sources and is proposed as a complement to the existing traveling wave-based approaches, particularly for studies requiring line subdivisions. Three application examples are included in the paper. The first consists of a line excited by an externally radiated field. Comparisons with the Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP) illustrate the advantages of the new model over the traveling wave methods when lines must be subdivided. The next two examples demonstrate the applicability of the new model to long homogeneous lines and cables. In these cases, comparisons with the numerical Laplace transform show its remarkable accuracy.