Solutions to Three Capacitance Problems in Intracellular Single-Electrode Bridge Amplifiers

Measurements of membrane impedance using single-electrode intracellular bridge amplifiers may be seriously distorted even at frequencies as low as 16 Hz by capacitances associated with the current limiting resistor and the electrode. Modifications of the capacity compensation circuit are outlined, which eliminate much of this error, allowing measurements with 108 a conventional micropipets at frequencies as high as 400 Hz.