Computer-aided design of high-frequency electromagnetic devices using the finite-element method

The finite-element method has been used in the electromagnetic analysis of a wide range of devices from microwave to optical frequencies. Established early on as a means of finding waveguide modes, it has more recently been applied in the determination of equivalent circuit parameters for arbitrarily shaped N-port devices such as phase changers, directional couplers and circulators. What is needed now is an integration of the various finite-element methods into a software package for high-frequency electromagnetic design.